Effects of Seawater Acidification on Echinoid Adult Stage: A Review

The continuous release of CO2 in the atmosphere is increasing acidity seawater worldwide, and pH predicted to be reduced by ~0.4 units 2100. Ocean acidification (OA) changing carbonate chemistry, jeopardizing life marine organisms, particular calcifying organisms. Because their calcareous skeleton limited ability regulate acid–base balance, echinoids are among organisms most threatened OA. In this review, 50 articles assessing effects on echinoid adult stage have been collected summarized, order identify important aspects consider for future experiments. Most endpoints considered (i.e., related calcification, physiology, behaviour reproduction) were altered, highlighting how various subtle reduction can be. general terms, more than 43% modified low compared with control condition. However, animals exposed long-term experiments or resident CO2-vent systems showed acclimation capability. Moreover, latitudinal range animals’ distribution might explain some differences found species. Therefore, should local variability, exposure multigenerational approaches better assess OA echinoids.